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Videos summarizing climate change.
Every life form either adapts to changes in its environment or it becomes extinct. During the last century, via large scale combustion of fossil fuels, mankind has changed both Earth's climate and its chemical environment to the extent that many important life forms are today becoming extinct.
Since about 1960 combustion of fossil fuels has raised the CO2 fraction in both the atmosphere and surface water bodies by about 30%. Increasing the atmospheric CO2 fraction makes the atmosphere more opaque to infrared radiation, which reduces Earth's thermal infrared radiant energy emission to outer space. Simultaneously floating ocean ice is melting which reduces Earth's planetary albedo (solar reflectivity). As a consequence planet Earth is absorbing more solar radiant energy than it emits via infrared radiation, which is causing net heat accumulation known as global warming. CO2 is one of several Green House Gases (GHGs) which contribute to this warming effect.
Another important Green House Gas is water vapor, which affects the emitted infrared radiation spectrum over a wide band of frequencies.
The CO2 induced warming also causes some air borne and surface H2O molecules to transition from ice to liquid water, which reduces the fraction of incident solar radiation that is reflected back into space. This effect, known as a drop in albedo, further amplifies the CO2 induced warming, particularly in the circumpolar regions that have seasonal snow and ice cover.
The increased concentration of CO2 in ocean water has made the water more acidic (reduced its pH causing CO3- ions to convert to HCO3-- ions) to the point that plankton and other marine micro-organisms that rely on CO3- ions for forming bone and shell material can no longer thrive or survive. These micro-organisms are at the base of the ocean food chain and their gradual loss is causing a precipitous decline in herring, salmon and marine mammal populations. Animals further up the food chain, such as bears, which rely on wild salmon, are now being affected as are forests that rely on bear feces for distribution of trace nutriants.
From a human food perspective fish farms, where the CO2 related water chemistry problem can be artificially corrected, are quickly displacing wild fish as a source of protein for human consumption.
In Canada climate change due to global warming has caused forest infestations, record heat waves, record wild fires, rapid snow pack and ice melting, record floods, record violent storms and loss of fish habitat. Melting of permafrost in the Canadian north is releasing large quantities of methane to the atmosphere. Progressive drying of peat accumulations under the forest floor has turned large areas of B.C., Alberta, Saskatchewan and the southern North West Territories into a tinder box that supports uncontrolled wild fires.
The warmer winter temperatures have enabled a pine beetle infestation that has decimated B.C. forests.
Due to both glacier melting and thermal expansion the sea level is rising. That is a threat to the continued existence of many plant species and all large land animal species, including humans. The average wet bulb temperature in the tropics is rising which is driving massive human migration from tropical countries to the more temperate circumpolar countries.
The underlying cause of these problems, combustion of fossil fuels, is well known but still many political leaders fail to heed science and adopt rational policies to mitigate the problems.
At the root of these problems is a taxation system that places short term profit from use of fossil fuels ahead of long term human survival.
A major author on the subject of climate change is James E. Hansen. His website contains much relevant data.
Precise data for 2019 shows that global green house gas (GHG) emissions are increasing, not decreasing. The decade ending in 2019 was the hottest on record. In spite of pseudo-political agreements the GHG emission problem is getting worse, not better.
In Canada the Liberal government has repudiated its 2015 commitments made in Paris by approving a pipeline for tripling of tar sand oil exports and has approved other fossil fuel development projects. These policies will make meaningful Canadian CO2 emission reduction impossible.
Even if CO2 emission is stopped immediately the time frame for natural decay of the atmospheric and ocean CO2 concentrations to former levels is many thousands of years. There is a circum-polar albedo feedback mechanism related to average snow and ice cover which will likely lock planet Earth in a hot state for hundreds of thousands of years into the future.
This clear and present climate threat was concisely and accurately summarized by 16 year old Greta Thunberg in her September 2019 address to the United Nations.
Extracting CO2 from the atmosphere and oceans requires more energy than was released during the formation of that CO2. The scale of this problem is indicated by: Electrochemical carbon dioxide capture to close the carbon cycle.
In North America and parts of Europe the lack of public knowledge about energy systems is so profound that political leaders, public rights advocacy groups and the news media have all failed to comprehend that renewable energy is incapable of economic displacement of fossil fuels. In Canadian provinces that do not have large amounts of hydraulic energy storage the only sustainable source of dependable non-fossil power for fossil fuel displacement is nuclear power available from sodium cooled fast neutron fuel breeding reactors and from molten salt cooled fuel breeding reactors.
Intermittent renewable energy generation should be primarily used for production of electrolytic hydrogen which is needed to economically meet the peak winter heating load, to produce synthetic liquid hydrocarbons, to produce ammonia and to serve as a backup fuel when nuclear reactors are temporarily shut down.
To put this matter in perspective, in 2019 in the Province of Ontario about 85% of all energy consumed came from fossil fuels. Of the remaining 15%: 60% was nuclear, 25% was hydropower and the remainder was wind and solar energy which together comprised less than 2.25% of total energy consumed. To compound the problems, in 2019 about 70% of the available wind energy was either discarded or was exported at a very low price due to improper retail pricing of electricity in Ontario.
The Ontario government presently has no firm near term plan for timely replacement of the six existing operational CANDU nuclear reactors at Pickering, Ontario which presently provide over 3000 MWe of emission free base load electricity. These reactors will cease operation in 2024-2025.
Halting 90% of Ontario's contribution to world CO2 emissions requires changing Ontario's retail electricity price plan, quadrupling of Ontario's existing installed nuclear power capacity with CANDU reactors and implementation of nuclear district heating in Ontario's urban communities. There is zero understanding of these basic issues by the political chattering class.
The incompetence and corruption among politicians, public advocacy groups and news media seems to know no bounds. The scientific and engineering communities know that the only means of reducing fossil CO2 emissions sufficiently to mitigate climate change is via major investment in sustainable nuclear power. However, parties with vested interests in fossil fuels continue to deny this reality.
These issues are well presented in an hour long video titled: NOBODY'S FUEL excerpts from which are available at www.nobodysfuel.com
Another relevant documentary is: CLIMATE ZERO HOUR.
A good short essay on remediation of the climate change problem is: The Moral Imperative of Green Nuclear Energy Production.
A good written summary of the world climate change problem is: FIRE ON PLANET EARTH (48 pages, December 11, 2019) by James Hansen. In spite of James Hansen's eminent reputation the fossil fuel industry does all necessary to constrain his funding.
In this web site section the effects of combustion of fossil fuels on climate, ocean chemistry, ocean heat content (enthalpy) and sea level are presented.
It is shown that the mathematical equations that properly describe Earth's radiant energy absorption and emission are non-linear and have multiple semi-stable temperature solutions. These semi-stable temperature solutions enabled past periods of both sustained glaciation and sustained high temperature on planet Earth.
It is shown that the increased atmospheric concentrations of CO2 and other green house gases are triggering a relatively rapid transition from an atmospheric semi-stable cool state to an atmospheric semi-stable hot state. This transition is known as "thermal runaway".
Unless thermal runaway is soon halted it will cause Earth's average surface temperature to increase by about 17.5 degrees C as compared to pre-industrial conditions. The major factors governing this rise in average surface temperature are changes in the atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations and the planetary albedo (solar reflectivity). The rate of average temperature change is limited by the heat capacity of the oceans.
The fossil record shows that comparable hot periods which occurred earlier in Earth's geologic history caused complete melting of the polar ice caps and world wide large animal species extinctions. These hot periods were also characterized by high atmospheric CO2 concentrations and high sea levels.
Relevant videos are:
James Hansen - Scientific Reticence: A Threat to Humanity and Nature
and
James Hansen & Granddaughter - Young Peoples Burden: Averting Climate Disaster
Today we have a high and rising atmospheric CO2 concentration, a rising sea level, many large animal species extinctions, agricultural failures and human migrations. If these trends continue soon much of the human population will become extinct.
During 2017 and 2018 a team of senior Canadian engineers identified the measures required for Canadian compliance with the 2015 Paris Accord on climate change. These measures are set out on the web page titled: Integrated Zero Emission (INZEM) Energy Plan. As of March 2021 no major Canadian political party has accepted the necessity for timely implementation of these measures. In fact, quite the contrary.
The federal Liberals have approved the Trans-Mountain pipeline capacity expansion which will prevent Paris Accord compliance no matter what other CO2 emission reduction measures are adopted by Canada. The Conservatives have refused to face the necessity of leaving fossil carbon in the ground. The NDP and the Green Party have both rejected large scale expansion of nuclear power capacity, which is essential for materially reducing CO2 emissions. None of the major political parties are actively promoting rapid deployment of Fast Neutron Reactors and related fuel recycling, which are required to achieve both nuclear power sustainability and elimination of long lived nuclear waste.
Meanwhile, as shown on the INZEM Energy web page, due to repeated political delays by both the federal and provincial governments it is now impossible for Canada to meet its Paris Accord target for 2030, even without the Trans-Mountain Pipeline. The single recent positive step was the US election of president Joe Biden, who in January 2021 stopped further work on the Keystone pipeline.
Canada has the highest CO2 emissions per capita in the world. How can Canadians reasonably expect other countries to comply with Paris Accord targets when Canadian political leaders are totally unwilling to implement the measures necessary for Canada to achieve its own Paris Accord targets? The time has come for Canadian voters to throw out of office its elected politicians who are not prepared to address the full extent of the CO2 problem. These politicians are all hogs feeding at the fossil fuel trough. They have available to them an economically viable, sustainable and dependable non-fossil energy supply alternative known as CANDU reactors and fuel sustainable liquid sodium cooled Fast Neutron Reactors (FNRs) which they presently refuse to seriously fund or promote.
Intermittently available wind and solar electricity generation can't solve the clean power supply problem when the wind does not blow and the sun does not shine. With climate change even hydroelectric power is unreliable. The costs of extra generation, extra transmission, energy storage and frequency stabilization required to convert interruptible power from renewable generation into dependable power required by the electricity grid are completely prohibitive.